Robotics on transpor ...

1. Introduction

A mini robot with two motors is one of the most popular beginner robotics projects.
It is a small mobile robot that can move forward, backward, left, and right using two DC motors controlled by an Arduino board.

This project helps students understand the basics of robotics, including motor control, sensors, and simple automation.
It can later be upgraded to perform advanced tasks like line following, obstacle avoidance, or Bluetooth control.

The goal of this system is to design a robot that moves smoothly and can react to simple commands or sensor inputs.

2. Components Required

To build the mini robot, the following components are used:

• Arduino Uno – main microcontroller that controls the motors and sensors.

• L298N Motor Driver Module – controls the direction and speed of two DC motors.

• Two DC Motors – provide movement to the robot wheels.

• Robot chassis – base where all parts are mounted.

• Wheels (2 pcs) – attached to the motors.

• Caster wheel – small wheel that supports the front or back of the robot.

• Battery pack (6V–12V) – powers the motors and Arduino.

• Jumper wires – for connections.

• (Optional) Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) – to detect obstacles.

3. Working Principle

The robot works on the differential drive principle — it has two wheels driven separately by two DC motors.
By changing the direction and speed of each motor, the robot can move in different directions:

• Both motors forward → robot moves forward

• Both motors backward → robot moves backward

• Left motor stops, right motor runs → robot turns left

• Right motor stops, left motor runs → robot turns right

The L298N driver receives control signals from Arduino.
Arduino sends HIGH or LOW signals to the driver module, which then changes the polarity of voltage applied to the motors.

If sensors are added, Arduino can automatically decide how to move — for example, stop when an obstacle is detected.

4. Example Code

int motor1Pin1 = 5;
int motor1Pin2 = 6;
int motor2Pin1 = 9;
int motor2Pin2 = 10;

void setup() {
  pinMode(motor1Pin1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor1Pin2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2Pin1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2Pin2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Move forward
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
  delay(2000);

  // Turn left
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
  delay(1000);

  // Move backward
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, HIGH);
  delay(2000);

  // Stop
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
  delay(1000);
}

This code makes the robot move forward, turn left, move backward, and stop — repeatedly.

5. Advantages

• Helps students learn basic motor control and Arduino programming.

• Easy to build and modify.

• Can be expanded with sensors (ultrasonic, IR, Bluetooth).

• Useful for robotics education and research.

6. Applications

• Educational robotics projects.

• Line-following and obstacle-avoidance robots.

• Warehouse or delivery robot prototypes.

• Research on motion control and automation.

7. Conclusion

The Mini Robot with Two Motors is a simple but powerful introduction to robotics.
It teaches the essential concepts of motor driving, direction control, and basic automation.
By adding sensors and wireless modules, this robot can become part of a smart autonomous system used in transport, manufacturing, and education.

This project helps students gain both practical skills and theoretical understanding of robotics, preparing them for more complex systems in the future.